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From the Post Vatican II Mass of Pope Paul VI
English translation of the Roman Missal published in 1974

KNEEL         [ Praise to the Father ]        Priest extends hands and says:
We come to you, Father,
with praise and thanksgiving,
through Jesus Christ your Son.

Priest joins hands and makes sign of cross once over both bread and wine while saying:

Through him we ask you to accept and bless +
 these gifts we offer you in sacrifice.
this bread and wine in preparation for their becoming
the living body and blood of your Son.
We ask that our worthy sacrifices of each day
be joined with his one perfect offering.¹
1. A priest is one who offers sacrifices to God. At the Last Supper Jesus –our High Priest because of His unblemished and therefore perfect offering on the cross accomplished by His rejection of temptation, freedom from sin, and through His daily works and sacrifices– asked His specially chosen disciples (the apostles) to participate with Him in His life's works that concluded with His one time offering of His body and blood by crucifixion. Jesus' priestly ministry, made perfect through obedience, was consummated on the cross. He had spent His public life teaching and giving witness to the authority He had received from the Father. During His public life Jesus both instructed and admonished. In doing so He offended many to the degree that they sought to kill Him. Jesus freely allowed His life to be taken for the good of the many.
   Mark 9:50  "Salt is good, but if salt becomes insipid, with what will you restore its flavor? Keep salt in yourselves and you will have peace with one another."
   Jesus gave the apostles the command to go and make disciples of all nations. In doing so all but John –provider for and protector of the Blessed Mother [Jn. 19:26f]– gave their lives for the Gospel message. Each duly consecrated successor priest is by vocation required to teach in the same manner as Jesus. The apostles and their legitimate successors by following Jesus' command and consecrating bread and wine are asking priestly people [Ex. 19:5f; Rom. 15:16; 1 Peter 2:5; Rev. 5:10] to offer ¹ their sacrifices ² –made while honoring the Great Commandments [Mk. 12:30f]– so that they may be joined with Jesus' one time perfect sacrifice.

   1. 1 Cor. 10:16-17 "The cup of blessing that we bless, is it not a participation in the blood of Christ? The bread that we break, is it not a participation in the body of Christ? [17] Because the loaf of bread is one, we, though many, are one body, for we all partake of the one loaf."
      
   2. The sacrifices to be offered are primarily found in the Corporal ³ and Spiritual Works of Mercy.^{End Note 1}
      
   3. Matthew 25:31-46

   Old Testament priests accepted the sacrifices of the people and offered them to God not only as atonement for sin and in recognition of various activities, but also as special gifts. These gifts, given both freely and as a requirement of faith, where either penitential or peace offerings made to God [Leviticus 1-5]. While peace with man is important, peace with God should always be seen as primary.

   • Luke 12:51   "Do you think that I have come to establish peace on the earth? No, I tell you, but rather division." (Truth in opposition to error.)
   • Luke 19:42   "If this day you only knew what makes for peace--but now it is hidden from your eyes."
   • John 14:27   "Peace I leave with you; my peace I give to you. Not as the world gives do I give it to you. Do not let your hearts be troubled or afraid."

   The Seventh Beatitude sums up the foregoing:

   • Matthew 5:9   "Blessed are the peacemakers,¹ for they will be called children of God."
     
     1. Peacemakers are those who instruct, admonish, or otherwise help others to be at peace with God.

   Peace with God must always have preference over peace with man. Too many in this age, including many in the priesthood, focus primarily or even solely on peace with man.

[Intercessions: For the Church]       Hands are extended:

 We offer them for your holy catholic Church, 
 watch over it, Lord, and guide it; 
 grant it peace and unity throughout the world. 
 We offer them for N. our Pope, for N. our bishop,  ¹
 and for all who hold and teach the catholic faith 
 that comes to us from the apostles. 

We ask blessings for your holy catholic Church,
watch over it, Lord, and guide it;
help us accept your peace that there may be
a united people of faith throughout creation.
We offer our sacrifices for faithful priests,
and for all who hold and teach the catholic faith
that comes to us from the apostles.

1. Throughout the history of the Church there have been some popes, bishops, and priests who have not been faithful in their service to God. There should be no presumption that every pope or bishop is faithful in his office. It is egotistical that a pope or bishop should promote himself during worship intended to be focused upon God. Many clerics have been spiritually destructive and the instrument of the downfall of countless numbers.

Remember, Lord, your people,
especially those for whom we now pray, N. and N.

[ The priest may name someone for public prayer and then with joined hands pray briefly during a pause while allowing time for each person in the congregation to have the opportunity to privately name living family members, friends, or others for whom they particularly desire to pray or offer their Mass. ]

Priest's hands are extended and he continues:

Remember all of us gathered here before you.
You know  how  those who firmly  we ¹ believe in you
and dedicate ourselves their amenability ² to you.
We offer you  this sacrifice  our sacrifices of praise ³
for our own good, and the good of
 for ourselves and  those who are dear to us.
We pray to you, our living and true God,
for our well-being and redemption.
1. Presumption. Many in each congregation are living in sin, are in sin through denial of sin (often placing blame upon others), or in sin by being present only for social, business, or other self-serving purposes.
2. Amenable – capacity for submission, open mindedness, agreeableness.
3. We can offer our own personal sacrifices through an anointed priest to be joined with Jesus' one time offering, but only He, our High Priest, is worthy to offer the one propitiatory sacrifice ¹  that He Himself was to make on the cross. We honor and show respect for His holy Word by offering our own worthy sacrifices –for our own good and the good of others– to be combined with His.
   1. Only Jesus' sacrifice was propitiatory, was for the forgiveness of sins. Our sacrifices, for the good of our brothers and sisters, for the good of the Church, for the good of the kingdom, are in cooperation with and in response to the teachings of Christ and the actions of Christ in relation with the New Covenant He was establishing.

[ In Communion with the Saints ]

   In union with the whole Church
   we honor Mary,
   the ever-virgin mother of Jesus Christ our Lord and God.
‡ We honor Joseph, her husband,
   the apostles and martyrs
   Peter and Paul, Andrew,
[James, John, Thomas, James, Philip,
Bartholomew, Matthew, Simon and Jude;
we honor Linus, Cletus, Clement, Sixtus,
Cornelius, Cyprian, Lawrence, Chrysogonus,
John and Paul, Cosmas and Damian]

and all the saints.
May their merits and prayers serve us today
as they served the people of their own age.
 gain us your constant help and protection.  
Hands are joined.  [Through Christ our Lord. Amen.]

Priest's hands are extended and he continues:

Father, accept  this offering from  our offerings
and those of your whole family.
Grant us your peace ¹ in this life,
the peace that will turn us from final damnation,
and count us among those you have chosen.
Hands are joined.  [Through Christ our Lord. Amen.]
1. God's peace often entails fire, floods, earthquakes, famine and plagues
   that are used to call sinners to repentance. Innocent people who die
   either have salvation or are given the opportunity for salvation.

With hands outstretched over the bread and wine, he continues: [Col. 1:24; 1 Pet. 2:5]

 Bless and approve our offering 
 make it acceptable to you, 
 an offering in spirit and truth. 
 Let it become for us  ¹
 the body and blood 


Bless and approve our offerings made
for the good of your church, so that they
may be united in spirit and in truth
with this bread and wine
that will become the body and blood
of Jesus Christ, your only Son, Our Lord.

Hands are joined.  [Through Christ our Lord. Amen.]

1. for us:  This concept is limiting. When consecrated the bread and wine are, without limitation, the fullness of Jesus.

[The Lord's Supper]

The day before  he  Jesus suffered
Priest takes host and raises it a little above the Altar and continues:
he took bread in his sacred hands
and looking up to heaven,
to you, his almighty Father,
he gave you thanks and praise.
He broke the bread,
gave it to his disciples, and said:

Priest bows slightly and continues:

Take this, you who have participated ² with Me, and eat:  all of you ¹, and eat it :
this is my body which will be given up for you.

The consecrated host is shown to the people, placed on the paten, then the priest either genuflects or kneels in adoration. Then standing he continues:

When supper was ended, he took the cup.

The chalice is taken and raised a little above the altar:

Again he gave you thanks and praise,
gave the cup to his disciples, and said:

Priest bows slightly and continues:

Take this, all of you,¹ and |drink ² from it|: (imbibe in moral principles)
this is the cup of my blood,
the blood of the new and everlasting covenant.
It will be shed for you and for  all men ³ those whose
 so that  sins  may  are to be forgiven.
Do this in  memory  commemoration ⁴ of me.

The chalice is shown to the people, placed on the altar and then the priest genuflects or kneels in adoration.

1. all of you:  Here it is to be remembered that Jesus is speaking to those who are being ordained, by His authority from God the Father, to the ministerial priesthood. NOTE:  No one may be elected or appointed as a morally ordained (righteous) priest on the authority of man.
   
   Any inference that all present are to receive Jesus under either species is clearly in error.  1 Corinthians 11:27 states:  "Therefore whoever eats the bread or drinks the cup of the Lord unworthily will have to answer for the body and blood of the Lord."  No one who is not a full member of the Church or is otherwise not in good standing (free from mortal sin and restrictive censures) should ever approach to receive Holy Communion without expecting to suffer greatly in this life as well as in the next, if he remains unrepentant or has not made restitution as available.

   participated and drink:  As Jesus is fully present under either species –His body or blood ¹– there is no reason for those who are not ministerial priests to receive under both species. In fact, to do so could be seen as a denial of full presence in each form. Further, the use of extraordinary ministers of the Eucharist to allow communion under both species is a violation of ministry as the term extraordinary is clearly being abused.

   1. Council of Trent, the Thirteenth Session:
      Canon 3.  If anyone denies that in the venerable sacrament of the Eucharist the whole Christ is contained under each form and under every part of each form when separated, let him be anathema (condemned).

   "for all men so that sins may be forgiven" – NOTE: Misdirection is a form of deceit that is popular with Satan and his followers. Jesus did not shed His blood for those who opposed Him, He shed it only for the many who would do the will of His Father.

   It should be clear from Gospel and other New Testament passages that Jesus did not mean that everyone's sins will be forgiven. While the words, "may be forgiven," are included in the passage, it is apparent that most understand them only in the sense that if He hadn't died on the cross they would not be forgiven. The inference that His crucifixion did not forgive anyone's unrepentant and unconfessed sins is commonly ignored.

   • Matthew 26:28 "for this is my blood of the covenant, which will be shed on behalf of many for the forgiveness of sins" [as seen in other passages this only applies to those who are properly repentant].
   • Luke 24:47 "and that repentance, for the forgiveness of sins, would be preached in his name to all the nations, beginning from Jerusalem."
   • John 20:23 "Whose sins you forgive are forgiven them, and whose sins you retain are retained." [spoken to the eleven apostles and by inference to their successors.]
   • Acts 2:38 "Peter (said) to them, "Repent and be baptized, every one of you, in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins; and you will receive the gift of the holy Spirit." [It is clear that Peter and the other apostles did not believe that everyone's sins were automatically forgiven by the crucifixion of Jesus.]
   • Acts 26:18 "to open their eyes that they may turn from darkness to light and from the power of Satan to God, so that they may obtain forgiveness of sins and an inheritance among those who have been consecrated by faith in me.' "
   • Hebrews 9:28 "so also Christ, offered once to take away the sins of many," [one offering to take away sins of many –not most or all– sinners past, present, and future.]
   • 1 John 1:9 "If we acknowledge our sins, he is faithful and just and will forgive our sins and cleanse us from every wrongdoing."
   • 1 John 4:10 "In this is love: not that we have loved God, but that he loved us and sent his Son as expiation for our sins" [The concept here is that repentant sinners –those who loved God– would obtain benefit.].

   During the time of offerings, "This is My Body. . . This is My Blood. . ." a priest parallels and unifies ¹ with Jesus as He makes His one eternal offering that makes access to Heaven possible. The offerings of the faithful are for their own good and the good of others, that is, the good of the Church. The offerings of priestly people are not for the forgiveness of sins. Only the one sacrifice of Jesus serves to restore what was lost by the sin of Adam and for the forgiveness of repentant sinners from the time of Adam to the end of time.

   1. "In persona Christi" – A priest does not become Christ or another Christ, but, with the authority granted by Jesus, is uniting the offerings of repentant faithful Catholics –a special privilege– directly with the offerings of Christ's works and sacrificial death. During the words of consecration a priest's words become harmonized with and act in unison with the ancient and eternal words of Jesus. A priest acts in the name of Jesus and in association with Him.

   Considering that Judas was present ¹  during the consecration of bread and wine at the Last Supper [Matthew 26:23-28; Luke 14:21], it should be clear that when Jesus was hanging on the cross and asked His Father to forgive [Luke 23:34 ²] it was so that God the Father would not immediately reek vengeance and destroy the world; Nor was Jesus asking that the sins of either Judas Iscariot or the Jews responsible for His death be forgiven. There was no intention to indicate that judgement would not come upon those who failed to repent and do the works that were prescribed.
   1. [Matthew 26:23-28] He said in reply, "He who has dipped his hand into the dish with me is the one who will betray me. [24] The Son of Man indeed goes, as it is written of him, but woe to that man by whom the Son of Man is betrayed. It would be better for that man if he had never been born." [25] Then Judas, his betrayer, said in reply, "Surely it is not I, Rabbi?" He answered, "You have said so."
      
      [26] While they were eating, Jesus took bread, said the blessing, broke it, and giving it to his disciples said, "Take and  eat  partake; this is my body." [27] Then he took a cup, gave thanks, and gave it to them, saying, "Drink from it, all of you, [28] for this is my blood of the covenant, which will be shed on behalf of many for the forgiveness of sins."
   1. [Mark 14:17-24] When it was evening, he came with the Twelve. [18] And as they reclined at table and were eating, Jesus said, "Amen, I say to you, one of you will betray me, one who is eating with me." [19] They began to be distressed and to say to him, one by one, "Surely it is not I?" [20] He said to them, "One of the Twelve, the one who dips with me into the dish. [21] For the Son of Man indeed goes, as it is written of him, but woe to that man by whom the Son of Man is betrayed. It would be better for that man if he had never been born."
      
      [22] While they were eating, he took bread, said the blessing, broke it, and gave it to them, and said, "Take it; this is my body." [23] Then he took a cup, gave thanks, and gave it to them, and they all drank ¹  from it. [24] He said to them, "This is my blood of the covenant, which will be shed for many."

      1. By drinking from the cup the apostles were agreeing to follow in Jesus' footsteps; teaching as He had taught and being willing to accept whatever comes from such activity.
   1. [Luke 22:14-22] When the hour came, he took his place at table with the apostles. [15] He said to them, "I have eagerly desired to eat this Passover with you before I suffer, [16] for, I tell you, I shall not eat it (again) until there is fulfillment in the kingdom of God." [17] Then he took a cup, gave thanks, and said, "Take this and share it among yourselves; [18] for I tell you (that) from this time on I shall not drink of the fruit of the vine until the kingdom of God comes." [19] Then he took the bread, said the blessing, broke it, and gave it to them, saying, "This is my body, which will be given for you; do this in commemoration  memory  ³ of me." [20] And likewise the cup after they had eaten, saying, "This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which will be shed for you.
      
      [21] "And yet behold, the hand of the one who is to betray me is with me on the table; [22] for the Son of Man indeed goes as it has been determined; but woe to that man by whom he is betrayed." (This is unconditional condemnation of Judas Iscariot to Hell by Jesus.)
   1. [John 6:70] Jesus answered them, "Did I not choose you twelve? Yet is not one of you a devil?"
   1. [John 13:26-27] Jesus answered, "It is the one to whom I hand the morsel after I have dipped it." So he dipped the morsel and (took it and) handed it to Judas, son of Simon the Iscariot. [27] After he took the morsel, Satan entered him. So Jesus said to him, "What you are going to do, do quickly."

   2. [Luke 23:34] (Then Jesus said, "Father, forgive them, they know not what they do.")

   The term memory is comparatively static, as in having inactive existence in mind or reality. The term commemoration is more to the dynamic recall of activities or accomplishments of a person with the expectation of association. Gospel commemoration (recollection) is used in the sense of recalling to mind knowledge of the activities and teachings of Jesus, not just to the person of Jesus as might be done by observing a cemetery headstone (In Memory Of) with no knowledge of the buried person.

   Seemingly the whole concept of ministerial priests accepting personal offerings and sacrifices from the people –as in the Old Testament [Lv. 1-5]– to be offered to God has been lost. When Jesus said, do this in commemoration of Me (Him), He did not mean that we should be offering Him over and over again. He set the example of His doing good and of His being sacrificed so that others would participate with Him for the good of others. Priestly people could also make thanksgiving and penitential offerings through the ministerial priesthood in harmony with Jesus' sacrifice.

   Jesus' natural life culminated with His final propitiatory sacrifice on the cross that was the fulfillment of His sharing His body and blood during the Last Supper. He expects us, through the ministerial priesthood –the first group of whom He was then ordaining (directing)– to do the same, that is, to make personal offerings and sacrifices –as He had been doing and was about to do– and then offering them, through Him and with His offering –with His associated anointed priests– to God the Father.

   We are to do as Jesus did. In remembrance of Him we are to accept His words and works, put them into practice and present our own works to God the Father in the most worthy manner possible — join them with His own sacrifice on the cross.

[Memorial Acclamation]        Priest stands and says:

Priest:         Now let us – give recognition to our Lord Jesus.
                                    – acknowledge the presence of our Lord Jesus.
                   proclaim the mystery of faith. .¹
1. The mystery of Faith is in transubstantiation, that is, the consecrated bread and wine becoming the material and spiritual Body and Blood of Jesus, fully present. Transubstantiation has already taken place and the below prescribed words do not reflect that occurrence.

PEOPLE:

A     Christ has died, 
        Christ is risen,
        Christ will come again. ¹
                Lord you have died,
                Lord you have risen,
                Lord you are here again.

Priest:         Now let us petition our Lord Jesus.
PEOPLE:

B     Dying you destroyed our death,
        rising you restored our life.
        Lord Jesus,  come in  bring us to your glory.²

Priest:         Now let us express faith in our Lord Jesus..
PEOPLE:

C     When we eat this bread and drink this cup,
        we proclaim your death, Lord Jesus,
        until you  come in  return in glory.²

Priest:         Now let us give honor to our Lord Jesus..
PEOPLE:

D     Lord, by your cross and resurrection
        you have set us free.
        You are the Savior of the  world  faithful.³
1. Failure to recognize and acknowledge the current presence of Jesus – an insult.
   
2. While the phrase "come in glory" is Scriptural, it only signifies that Jesus is recognized as being renowned and recognized with distinction while being given praise and honor with proud rejoicing. This distinction is seen in the Gospel of Saint John [John 2:11; 7:18; 8:50,54; 11:4,40; 12:41,43; 17:5,22,24]. Witness to the temporal visual glory of Jesus can be given by either the faithful or the unfaithful.*  What people of faith strongly desire is to be with Jesus in His eternal glory.
   • * Rev. 14:6-7 "Then I saw another angel flying high overhead, with everlasting good news to announce to those who dwell on earth, to every nation, tribe, tongue, and people. [7] He said in a loud voice, "Fear God and give him glory, for his time has come to sit in judgment. Worship him who made heaven and earth and sea and springs of water." "
   • * Rev. 15:4 "Who will not fear you, Lord, or glorify your name?
     For you alone are holy. All the nations will come and worship before you,
     for your righteous acts have been revealed."
   • * Rev. 19:11-13 "Then I saw the heavens opened, and there was a white horse; its rider was (called) "Faithful and True." He judges and wages war in righteousness. [12] His eyes were (like) a fiery flame, and on his head were many diadems. He had a name inscribed that no one knows except himself. [13] He wore a cloak that had been dipped in blood, and his name was called the Word of God."
   Our recognition of Jesus' miracles and great wisdom are His present glory. What people of faith are interested in is seeing the Beatific Vision, His heavenly glory. At Mass the faithful are giving praise and glory to Jesus who is totally present except in His heavenly glory known as the beatific vision. He has already come in temporal glory.

    Jesus does not save the world, the world and all who remain at the end are doomed. Only the faithful are saved.
   

   • [Luke 21:33] "Heaven [the skies above] and earth will pass away, but my words will not pass away."
   • [1 John 2:15-17] "Do not love the world or the things of the world. If anyone loves the world, the love of the Father is not in him. [16] For all that is in the world, sensual lust, enticement for the eyes, and a pretentious life, is not from the Father but is from the world. [17] Yet the world and its enticement are passing away. But whoever does the will of God remains forever."

   • John 4:42 "and they said to the woman, "We no longer believe because of your word; for we have heard for ourselves, and we know that this is truly the savior of the world." "
   • 1 John 4:14 "Moreover, we have seen and testify that the Father sent his Son as savior of the world."

   In the above two passages it should be clear that an inanimate object –the world– is not the subject of salvation. Therefore, when used in this fashion, out of context of the content of the Word of God during Mass, it is misdirecting. Salvation in the Christian sense refers to the release from the consequences of sin of human beings who are spiritually repentant. All in the world are not saved for most remain in denial, in regard to sin, and stay unrepentant.

   • Matthew 7:13-14 "Enter through the narrow gate; for the gate is wide and the road broad that leads to destruction, and those who enter through it are many. [14] How narrow the gate and constricted the road that leads to life. And those who find it are few."
   • Matthew 22:14 "Many are invited, but few are chosen."  [NOTE:  Many, not all are even invited to Heaven. From the instant of conception onward the opportunity for salvation exists. But, the invited are only those who at some point in life open their minds to spiritual truths.]

   The concept of "world without end," as is in the early form of the Glory Be,¹ is still being carried forward in the forth memorial acclamation – "You are the Savior of the world."

   1. "Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit.  As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end. Amen."

   In the Liturgy of the hours, the Glory Be has been altered as follows:

   "Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit.  As it was in the beginning, is now and will be for ever. Amen."

   All priests are aware of the change in wording but few have explained that the early form was found to be flawed. Is this perhaps a reason that the Holy Rosary has seen a decrease in use?

[The Memorial Prayer]        Priest extends his hands and says:

Father, we celebrate the memory of Christ, your Son.
We, your people and your ministers,
recall his passion,
his resurrection from the dead,
and his ascension into glory;
and  from  through^* the many gifts you have given us
we offer to you, God of glory and majesty,
our acts of faith. We ask that they be joined
with your son's  this  holy and perfect  sacrifice  offering
that is consummated on Holy Friday and visualized in:,
the bread of life and the cup of eternal salvation.
^*  We are offering the utilization of a gift, not choosing
    among the gifts God has given us and returning it.

Look with favor on these offerings
and accept them as once you accepted
the gifts of your servant Abel,
the sacrifice of Abraham, our father in faith,
and the bread and wine offered by your priest Melchisedech.

Bowing, with hands joined, he continues:

Almighty God,
we pray that your angel may take  this sacrifice  our offerings
to your altar in heaven to be sanctified.
Then, as we receive Your Son from this altar
 the sacred body and blood of your Son ,
He stands up straight and makes the sign of the cross, saying:
let us be filled with every grace and blessing.
Hands are joined.  [Through Christ our Lord. Amen.]

[For the Dead]        Priest's hands are extended and he continues:

Remember, Lord, those who have died
and have gone before us marked with the sign of faith,
especially those for whom we now pray, N. and N.

[ A brief pause to give each person time to think of some family member or other departed person(s) who may be in Purgatory in need of special encouragement (graces) to more quickly purge their minds and hearts from evil inclinations in order to enter Heaven the sooner. ]
May these, and all who sleep in Christ,
find in your presence light, happiness, and peace.
Hands are joined.  [Through Christ our Lord. Amen.]

Priest's hands are extended and he continues:

For ourselves, too, we ask
some share in the fellowship of your apostles and martyrs,
with John the Baptist, Stephen, Matthias, Barnabas,
[Ignatius, Alexander, Marcellinus, Peter,
Felicity, Perpetua, Agatha, Lucy, Agnes, Cecilia, Anastasia]

and all the saints.

The priest strikes his breast with his right hand, saying:

 Though we are sinners
we trust in your mercy and love.
Do not consider what we truly deserve,
but grant us your forgiveness.  ,

Do not consider what we truly deserve,
but accept our confessions of sins,
and grant us your forgiveness.

Hands are extended as before, he continues:

We trust in your mercy and love.

He joins his hands and continues:

Through Christ our Lord
you give us all these gifts.
You fill them with life and goodness,
you bless them and make them holy.

[Concluding Doxology]        Both forms of Jesus –on the paten and
                        in the chalice– are taken and lifted while priest sings:

Through him, with him, in him,
in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
all glory and honor is yours, almighty Father,
for ever and ever.

All reply:   Amen.

Father David C. Trosch
25 January 2001
The Conversion of Saint Paul

^{End Note 1.}  Corporal and Spiritual Works of Mercy

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