POPES __________________________________
Information includes the name of the pope, in many cases his name before becoming pope, his birthplace or country of origin, the date of accession to the papacy, and the date of the end of reign which, in all but a few cases, was the date of death. Double dates indicate date of election and date of solemn beginning of ministry as Pastor of the universal Church.
Source: "Annuario Pontificio."
St. Peter (Simon Bar-Jona): Bethsaida in Galilee; d. c. 64 or 67.
St. Linus: Tuscany; 67-76.
St. Anacletus (Cletus): Rome; 76-88.
St. Clement: Rome; 88-97.
St. Evaristus: Greece; 97-105.
St. Alexander I: Rome; 105-115.
St. Sixtus I: Rome; 115-125.
St. Telesphorus: Greece; 125-136.
St. Hyginus: Greece; 136-140.
St. Pius I: Aquileia; 140-155.
St. Anicetus: Syria; 155-166.
St. Soter: Campania; 166-175.
St. Eleutherius: Nicopolis in Epirus; 175-189.
Up to the time of St. Eleutherius, the years indicated for the beginning and end of pontificates are not absolutely certain. Also, up to the middle of the 11th century, there are some doubts about the exact days and months given in chronological tables.
St. Victor I: Africa; 189-199.
St. Zephyrinus: Rome; 199-217.
St. Callistus I: Rome; 217-222.
St. Urban I: Rome; 222-230.
St. Pontian: Rome; July 21, 230, to Sept. 28, 235.
St. Anterus: Greece; Nov. 21, 235, to Jan. 3, 236.
St. Fabian: Rome; Jan. 10, 236, to Jan. 20, 250.
St. Cornelius: Rome; Mar., 251, to June, 253.
St. Lucius I: Rome; June 25, 253, to Mar. 5, 254.
St. Stephen I: Rome; May 12, 254, to Aug. 2, 257.
St. Sixtus II: Greece; Aug. 30, 257, to Aug. 6, 258.
St. Dionysius: July 22, 259, to Dec. 26, 268.
St. Felix I: Rome; Jan. 5, 269, to Dec. 30, 274.
St. Eutychian: Luni; Jan. 4, 275, to Dec. 7, 283.
St. Caius: Dalmatia; Dec. 17, 283, to Apr. 22, 296.
St. Marcellinus: Rome; June 30, 296, to Oct. 25, 304.
St. Marcellus I: Rome; May 27, 308, or June 26, 308, to Jan. 16, 309.
St. Eusebius: Greece; Apr. 18, 309, to Aug. 17, 309 or 310.
St. Melchiades (Miltiades): Africa; July 2, 311, to Jan. 11, 314.
St. Sylvester I: Rome; Jan. 31, 314, to Dec. 31, 335.
(Most of the popes before St. Sylvester I were martyrs.)
St. Marcus: Rome; Jan. 18, 336, to Oct. 7, 336.
St. Julius I: Rome; Feb. 6, 337, to Apr. 12, 352.
Liberius: Rome; May 17, 352, to Sept. 24, 366.
St. Damasus I: Spain; Oct. 1, 366, to Dec. 11, 384.
St. Siricius: Rome; Dec. 15, or 22 or 29, 384, to Nov. 26, 399.
St. Anastasius I: Rome; Nov. 27, 399, to Dec. 19, 401.
St. Innocent I: Albano; Dec. 22, 401, to Mar. 12, 417.
St. Zozimus: Greece; Mar. 18, 417, to Dec. 26, 418.
St. Boniface I: Rome; Dec. 28 or 29, 418, to Sept. 4, 422.
St. Celestine I: Campania; Sept. 10, 422, to July 27, 432.
St. Sixtus III: Rome; July 31, 432, to Aug. 19, 440.
St. Leo I (the Great): Tuscany; Sept. 29, 440, to Nov. 10, 461.
St. Hilary: Sardinia; Nov. 19, 461, to Feb. 29, 468.
St. Simplicius: Tivoli; Mar. 3, 468, to Mar. 10, 483.
St. Felix III (II): Rome; Mar. 13, 483, to Mar. 1, 492.
He should be called Felix II, and his successors of the same name should be numbered accordingly. The discrepancy in the numerical designation of popes named Felix was caused by the erroneous insertion in some lists of the name of St. Felix of Rome, a martyr.
St. Gelasius I: Africa; Mar. 1, 492, to Nov. 21, 496.
Anastasius II: Rome; Nov.24, 496, to Nov. 19,498.
St. Symmachus: Sardinia; Nov. 22, 498, to July 19, 514.
St. Hormisdas: Frosinone; July 20, 514, to Aug. 6, 523.
St. John I, Martyr: Tuscany; Aug. 13, 523, to May 18, 526.
St. Felix IV (LW: Samnium; July 12, 526, to Sept. 22, 530.
Boniface II: Rome; Sept. 22, 530, to Oct. 17, 532.
John II: Rome; Jan. 2, 533, to May 8, 535.
John II was the first pope to change his name. His given name was Mercury.
St. Agapitus I: Rome; May 13, 535, to Apr. 22, 536.
St. Silverius, Martyr: Campania; June 1 or 8, 536, to Nov. 11, 537 (d. Dec. 2, 537).
St. Silverius was violently deposed in March, 537, and abdicated Nov. 11. 537. His successor, Vigilius, was not recognized as pope by all the Roman clergy until his abdication.
Vigilius: Rome; Mar. 29, 537, to June 7, 555.
Pelagius I: Rome; Apr. 16, 556, to Mar. 4, 561.
John Ill: Rome; July 17, 561, to July 13, 574.
Benedict I: Rome; June 2, 575, to July 30, 579.
Pelagius II: Rome; Nov.26, 579, to Feb. 7, 590.
St. Gregory I (the Great): Rome; Sept. 3, 590, to Mar. 12, 604.
Sabinian: Blera in Tuscany; Sept. 13, 604, to Feb. 22, 606.
Boniface III: Rome; Feb. 19, 607, to Nov. 12, 607.
St. Boniface IV: Abruzzi; Aug. 25, 608, to May 8, 615.
St. Deusdedit (Adeodatus I): Rome; Oct. 19, 615, to Nov. 8, 618.
Boniface V: Naples; Dec. 23, 619, to Oct. 25, 625.
Honorius I: Campania; Oct. 27, 625, to Oct. 12, 638.
Severinus: Rome; May 28, 640, to Aug. 2, 640.
John IV: Dalmatia; Dec. 24, 640, to Oct. 12, 642.
Theodore I: Greece; Nov. 24, 642, to May 14, 649.
St. Martin I, Martyr: Todi; July, 649, to Sept. 16, 655 (in exile from June 17, 653).
St. Eugene I: Rome; Aug. 10, 654, to June 2, 657.
St. Eugene I was elected during the exile of St. Martin I, who is believed to have endorsed him as pope.
St. Vitalian: Segni; July 30, 657, to Jan. 27, 672.
Adeodatus II: Rome; Apr. 11, 672, to June 17, 676.
Donus: Rome; Nov. 2, 676, to Apr.11, 678.
St. Agatho: Sicily; June 27, 678, to Jan. 10, 681.
St. Leo II: Sicily; Aug. 17, 682, to July 3, 683.
St. Benedict II: Rome; June 26, 684, to May 8, 685.
John V: Syria; July 23,685, to Aug. 2,686.
Conon: birthplace unknown; Oct. 21, 686, to Sept 21,687.
St. Sergius I: Syria; Dec. 15,687, to Sept. 8,701.
John VI: Greece; Oct. 30,701, to Jan. 11,705.
John VII: Greece; Mar. 1,705, to Oct 18,707.
Sisinnius: Syria; Jan. 15,708, to Feb. 4,708.
Constantine: Syria; Mar.25, 708, to Apr. 9,715.
St. Gregory II: Rome; May 19,715, to Feb. 11,731.
St. Gregory III: Syria; Mar. 18,731, to Nov., 741.
St. Zachary: Greece; Dec. 10,741, to Mar. 22,752.
Stephen II (III): Rome; Mar. 26, 752, to Apr. 26, 757.
After the death of St. Zachary, a Roman priest named Stephen was elected but died (four days later) before his consecration as bishop of Rome, which would have marked the beginning of his pontificate. Another Stephen was elected to succeed Zachary as Stephen II. (The first pope with this name was St. Stephen I, 254-57.) The ordinal III appears in parentheses after the name of Stephen II because the name of the earlier elected but deceased priest was included in some lists. Other Stephens have double numbers.
St. Paul I: Rome; Apr. (May 29), 757, to June 28, 767.
Stephen III (IV): Sicily; Aug. 1(7), 768, to Jan. 24, 772.
Adrian I: Rome; Feb. 1(9), 772, to Dec. 25,795.
St. Leo III: Rome; Dec. 26 (27), 795, to June 12, 816.
Stephen IV (V): Rome; June 22, 816, to Jan. 24, 817.
St. Paschal I: Rome; Jan. 25,817, to Feb. 11,824.
Eugene II: Rome; Feb. (May), 824, to Aug., 827.
Valentine: Rome; Aug. 827, to Sept., 827.
Gregory IV: Rome; 827, to Jan., 844.
Sergius II: Rome; Jan., 844 to Jan. 27, 847.
St. Leo IV: Rome; Jan. (Apr. 10), 847, to July 17, 855.
Benedict III: Rome; July (Sept. 29), 855, to Apr. 17, 858.
St. Nicholas I (the Great): Rome; Apr. 24, 858, to Nov. 13,867.
Adrian II: Rome; Dec. 14, 867, to Dec. 14,872.
John VIII: Rome; Dec. 14,872, to Dec. 16,882.
Marinus I: Gallese; Dec. 16,882, to May 15,884.
St. Adrian III: Rome; May 17, 884, to Sept., 885. Cult confirmed June 2, 1891.
Stephen V (VI): Rome; Sept., 885, to Sept. 14,891.
Formosus: Portus; Oct 6, 891, to Apr. 4,896.
Boniface VI: Rome; Apr., 896, to Apr., 896.
Stephen VI (VII): Rome; May, 896, to Aug., 897.
Romanus: Gallese; Aug., 897, to Nov., 897.
Theodore II: Rome; Dec., 897, to Dec., 897.
John IX: Tivoli; Jan., 898, to Jan., 900.
Benedict IV: Rome; Jan. (Feb.), 900, to July, 903.
Leo V: Ardea; July, 903, to Sept, 903.
Sergius III: Rome; Jan. 29,904, to Apr. 14,911.
Anastasius III: Rome; Apr., 911, to June, 913.
Landus: Sabina; July, 913, to Feb., 914.
John X: Tossignano (Imola); Mar., 914, to May, 928.
Leo VI: Rome; May, 928, to Dec., 928.
Stephen VII (VIII): Rome; Dec., 928, to Feb., 931.
John XI: Rome; Feb. (Mar.), 931, to Dec., 935.
Leo VII: Rome; Jan. 3, 936, to July 13, 939.
Stephen VIII (IX): Rome; July 14, 939, to Oct., 942.
Marinus II: Rome; Oct 30, 942, to May, 946.
Agapitus II: Rome; May 10, 946, to Dec., 955.
John XII (Octavius): Tusculum; Dec. 16, 955, to May 14, 964 (date of his death).
Leo VIII: Rome; Dec. 4 (6), 963, to Mar. 1, 965.
Benedict V: Rome; May 22, 964, to July 4, 966.
Confusion exists concerning the legitimacy of claims to the pontificate by Leo VIII and Benedict V. John XII was deposed Dec. 4, 963, by a Roman council. If this deposition was invalid, Leo was an antipope. If the deposition of John was valid, Leo was the legitimate pope and Benedict was an antipope.
John XIII: Rome; Oct. 1, 965, to Sept. 6, 972.
Benedict VI: Rome; Jan. 19, 973, to June, 974.
Benedict VII: Rome; Oct. 974, to July 10, 983.
John XIV (Peter Campenora): Pavia; Dec., 983, to Aug. 20, 984.
John XV: Rome; Aug., 985, to Mar. 996.
Gregory V (Bruno of Carinthia): Saxony; May 3, 996, to Feb. 18, 999.
Sylvester II (Gerbert): Auvergne; Apr. 2, 999, to May 12, 1003.
John XVII (Siccone): Rome; June 1003, to Dec., 1003.
John XVIII (Phasianus): Rome; Jan., 1004, to July, 1009.
Sergius IV (Peter): Rome; July 31, 1009, to May 12, 1012.
The custom of changing ones name on election to the papacy is generally considered to date from the time of Sergius IV. Before his time, several popes had changed their names. After his time, this became a regular practice, with few exceptions; e.g., Adrian VI and Marcellus II.
Benedict VIII (Theophylactus): Tusculum; May 18, 1012, to Apr. 9, 1024.
John IX (Romanus): Tusculum; Apr. (May), 1024, to 1032.
Benedict IX (Theophylactus): Tusculum; 1032, to 1044.
Sylvester III (John): Rome; Jan. 20, 1045, to Feb. 10, 1045.
Sylvester III was an antipope if the forcible removal of Benedict IX in 1044 was not legitimate.
Benedict IX (second lime): Apr. 10, 1045, to May 1, 1045.
Gregory VI (John Gratian): Rome; May 5, 1045, to Dec. 20, 1046.
Clement II (Suilger, Lord of Morsleben and Homburg): Saxony; Dec. 24 (25), 1046, to Oct 9, 1047.
If the resignation of Benedict IX in 1045 and his removal at the December. 1046. synod were not legitimate, Gregory VI and Clement II were antipopes.
Benedict IX (third lime): Nov. 8, 1047, to July 17, 1048 (d. c. 1055).
Damasus II (Poppo): Bavaria; July 17, 1048, to Aug. 9, 1048.
St. Leo IX (Bruno): Alsace; Feb. 12, 1049, to Apr. 19, 1054.
Victor II (Gebhard): Swabia; Apr. 16, 1055, to July 28, 1057.
Stephen IX (X) (Frederick): Lorraine; Aug. 3, 1057, to Mar. 29, 1058.
Nicholas II (Gerard): Burgundy; Jan. 24, 1059, to July 27, 1061.
Alexander II (Anselmo da Baggio): Milan; Oct. 1, 1061, to Apr. 21, 1073.
St. Gregory VII (Hildebrand): Tuscany; Apr. 22 (June 30), 1073, to May 25, 1085.
BI. Victor III (Dauferius; Desiderius): Benevento; May 24, 1086, to Sept. 16, 1087.
Cult confirmed July 23, 1887.
BI. Urban II (Otto di Lagery): France; Mar. 12, 1088, to July 29, 1099.
Cult confirmed July 14, 1881.
Paschal II (Raniero): Ravenna; Aug. 13 (14), 1099, to Jan. 21, 1118.
Gelasius II (Giovanni Caetani): Gaeta; Jan.24 (Mar. 10), 1118, to Jan. 28, 1119.
Callistus II (Guido of Burgundy): Burgundy; Feb. 2 (9), 1119, to Dec. 13, 1124.
Honorius II (L.amberto): Fiagnano (Imola); Dec. 15 (21), 1124, to Feb. 13,1130.
Innocent II (Gregorio Papareschi): Rome; Feb. 14 (23), 1130, to Sept24, 1143.
Celestine II (Guido): Citta di Castello; Sept 26 (Oct 3), 1143, to Mar. 8, 1144.
Lucius II (Gerardo Caccianemici): Bologna: Mar. 12 1144, to Feb.15,1145.
BI. Eugene III (Bernardo Paganelli di Montemagno): Pisa; Feb. 15 (18), 1145, to July 8, 1153.
Cult confirmed Oct 3, 1872.
Anastasius IV (Corrado): Rome; July 12, 1153, to Dec, 3, 1154.
Adrian IV (Nicholas Breakspear): England; Dec. 4 (5), 1154, to Sept 1, 1159.
Alexander III (Rolando Bandinelli): Siena; Sept 7 (20), 1159, to Aug. 30, 1181.
Lucius III (Ubaldo Allucingoli): Lucca; Sept 1 (6), 1181, to Sept 25, 1185.
Urban III (Uberto Crivelli): Milan; Nov. 25 (Dec. 1), 1185, to Oct 20, 1187.
Gregory VIII (Alberto de Morra): Benevento; Oct 21(25), 1187, to Dec. 17,1187.
Clement III (Paolo Scolari): Rome; Dec. 19 (20), 1187, to Mar., 1191.
Celestine III (Giacinto Bobone): Rome; Mar. 30 (Apr. 14), 1191, to Jan. 8, 1198.
Innocent III (Lotario dei Conti di Segni); Anagni; Jan. 8 (Feb. 22), 1198, to July 16, 1216.
Honorius III (Cencio Savelli): Rome; July 18 (24), 1216, to Mar. 18,1227.
Gregory IX (Ugolino, Count of Segni): Anagni; Mar. 19(21), 1227, to Aug. 22, 1241.
Celestine IV (Goffredo Castiglioni): Milan; Oct. 25 (28), 1241, to Nov. 10,1241.
Innocent IV (Sinibaldo Fieschi): Genoa; June 25 (28), 1243, to Dec. 7, 1254.
Alexander IV (Rinaldo, Count of Segni): Anagni; Dec. 12 (20), 1254, to May 25, 1261.
Urban IV (Jacques Pantal6on): Troyes; Aug. 29 (Sept. 4), 1261, to Oct 2, 1264.
Clement IV (Guy Foulques or Guido le Gros): France; Feb. 5 (15), 1265, to Nov.29, 1268.
BI. Gregory X (Teobaldo Visconti): Piacenza; Sept 1, 1271 (Mar. 27, 1272), to Jan. 10, 1276.
Cult confirmed Sept. 12, 1713.
Bl. Innocent V (Peter of Tarentaise): Savoy; Jan. 21 (Feb. 22), 1276, to June 22, 1276.
Cult confirmed Mar. 13, 1898.
Adrian V (Ottobono Fieschi): Genoa: July 11, 1276, to Aug. 18, 1276.
John XXI (Petrus Juliani or Petrus Hispanus): Portugal; Sept. 8(20), 1276, to May 20, 1277.
There is confusion in the numerical designation of popes named John. The error dates back to the time of John XV.
Nicholas III (Giovanni Gaetano Orsini): Rome; Nov. 25 (Dec. 26), 1277, to Aug. 22, 1280.
Martin IV (Simon de Brie): France; Feb. 22 (Mar. 23), 1281, to Mar. 28, 1285.
The names of Marinus I (882-84) and Marinus II (942-46) were construed as Martin. In view of these two pontificates and the earlier reign of St. Martin I (649-55), this pope was called Martin IV.
Honorius IV (Giacomo Savelli): Rome; Apr. 2 (May 20), 1285, to Apr. 3, 1287.
Nicholas IV (Girolamo Masci): Ascoli; Feb. 22, 1288, to Apr. 4, 1292.
St. Celestine V (Pietro del Murrone): Isernia; July 5 (Aug. 29), 1294, to Dec. 13, 1294; d. 1296. Canonized May 5, 1313.
Boniface VIII (Benedetto Caetani): Anagni; Dec. 24, 1294 (Jan. 23, 1295), to Oct 11, 1303.
BI. Benedict XI (Niccolo Boccasini): Treviso; Oct 22 (27), 1303, to July 7, 1304.
Cult confirmed Apr. 24, 1736.
Clement V (Bertrand de Got): France; June 5 (Nov. 14), 1305, to Apr. 20, 1314.
(First of Avignon popes.)
John XXII (Jacques d'Euse): Cahors; Aug. 7 (Sept. 5), 1316, to Dec. 4, 1334.
Benedict XII (Jacques Fournier): France; Dec. 20, 1334 (Jan. 8, 1335), to Apr. 25, 1342.
Clement VI (Pierre Roger): France; May 7 (19), 1342, to Dec. 6, 1352.
Innocent VI (Etienne Aubert): France; Dec. 18(30), 1352, to Sept 12,1362.
BI. Urban V (Guillaume de Grimoard): France, Sept 28 (Nov. 6), 1362, to Dec. 19, 1370.
Cult confirmed Mar. 10, 1870.
Gregory XI (Pierre Roger de Beaufort): France, Dec. 30, 1370 (Jan. 5, 1371), to Mar. 26, 1378.
(Last of Avignon popes.)
Urban VI (Bartolomeo Prignano): Naples; Apr. 8 (18), 1378, to Oct. 15, 1389.
Boniface IX (Pietro Tomacelli): Naples; Nov. 2 (9), 1389, to Oct. 1, 1404.
Innocent VII (Cosrna Migliorati): Sulmona; Oct. 17 (Nov. 11), 1404, to Nov. 6, 1406.
Gregory XII (Angelo Correr): Venice; Nov. 30 (Dec. 19), 1406, to July 4, 1415, when he voluntarily
resigned from the papacy to permit the election of his successor. He died Oct 18, 1417.
(See The Western Schism.)
Martin V (Oddone Colonna): Rome; Nov. 11(21), 1417, to Feb. 20, 1431.
Eugene IV (Gabmele Condulmer): Venice; Mar. 3 (11), 1431, to Feb. 23,1447.
Nicholas V (Tommaso Parentucelli): Sarzana; Mar. 6(19), 1447, to Mar. 24, 1455.
Callistus III (Alfonso Borgia): Jativa (Valencia). Apr. 8(20), 1455, to Aug. 6, 1458.
Pius II (Enea Silvio Piccolomini): Siena; Aug. 19 (Sept 3). 1458. to Aug. 14, 1464.
Paul II (Pietro Barbo): Venice; Aug. 30 (Sept. 16). 1464, to July 26, 1471.
Sixtus IV (Francesco della Rovere): Savona; Aug. 9 (25), 1471, to Aug. 12, 1484.
Innocent VIII (Giovanni Battista Cibo): Genoa; Aug. 29 (Sept 12), 1484, to July 25, 1492.
Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia): Jativa (Valencia); Aug. 11 (26), 1492. to Aug. 18, 1503.
Pius III (Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini): Siena; Sept 22 (Oct 1,8), 1503, to Oct 18, 1503.
Julius II (Giuliano della Rovere): Savona; Oct 31 (Nov. 26), 1503, to Feb. 21, 1513.
Leo X (Giovanni de' Medici): Florence; Mar. 9 (19), 1513, to Dec. 1, 1521.
Adrian VI (Adrian Florensz): Utrecht; Jan. 9 (Aug. 31), 1522, to Sept 14, 1523.
Clement VII (Giulio de' Medici): Florence; Nov. 19 (26), 1523, to Sept. 25, 1534.
Paul III (Alessandro Farnese): Rome; Oct. 13 (Nov. 3), 1534, to Nov. 10, 1549.
Julius III (Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte): Rome; Feb. 7 (22), 1550, to Mar. 23, 1555.
Marcellus II (Marcello Cervini): Montepulciano; Apr. 9 (10), 1555, to May 1, 1555.
Paul IV (Gian Pietro Carafa): Naples; May 23 (26), 1555, to Aug. 18, 1559.
Pius IV (Giovan Angelo de' Medici): Milan; Dec. 25, 1559 (Jan. 6, 1560). to Dec. 9, 1565.
St. Pius V (Antonio-Michele Ghislieri): Bosco (Alexandria); Jan. 7 (17), 1566, to May 1, 1572.
Canonized May 22, 1712.
Gregory XIII (Ugo Buoncompagni): Bologna; May 13 (25), 1572, to Apr. 10, 1585.
Sixtus V (Felice Peretti): Grottammare (Ripatransone); Apr. 24 (May 1), 1585, to Aug. 27, 1590.
Urban VII (Giovanni Battista Castagna): Rome; Sept 15, 1590, to Sept. 27, 1590.
Gregory XIV (Niccolo Sfondrati): Crernona; Dec. 5 (8), 1590, to Oct. 16, 1591.
Innocent IX (Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti): Bologna; Oct. 29 (Nov. 3), 1591, to Dec. 30, 1591.
Clement VIII (Ippolito Aldobrandini): Florence; Jan. 30 (Feb. 9), 1592, to Mar. 3, 1605.
Leo XI (Alessandro de' Medici): Florence; Apr. 1 (10), 1605, to Apr. 27, 1605.
Paul V (Carnillo Borghese): Rome; May 16 (29), 1605, to Jan. 28, 1621.
Gregory XV (Alessandro Ludovisi): Bologna; Feb. 9 (14), 1621, to July 8, 1623.
Urban VIII (Maffeo Barberini): Florence; Aug. 6 (Sept 29), 1623, to July 29, 1644.
Innocent X (Giovanni Battista Pamfili): Rome; Sept 15 (Oct. 4), 1644, to Jan. 7, 1655.
Alexander VII (Fabio Chigi): Siena; Apr. 7 (18), 1655, to May 22, 1667.
Clement IX (Giulio Rospigliosi): Pistoia; June 20 (26), 1667, to Dec. 9, 1669.
Clement X (Emilio Altieri): Rome; Apr. 29 (May 11), 1670, to July 22, 1676.
BI. Innocent XI (Benedetto Odescalchi): Corno; Sept. 21 (Oct. 4), 1676, to Aug. 12, 1689.
Beatified Oct. 7, 1956.
Alexander VIII (Pietro Ottoboni): Venice; Oct. 6 (16), 1689, to Feb. 1, 1691.
Innocent XII (Antonio Pignatelli): Spinazzola; July 12 (15), 1691, to Sept. 27, 1700.
Clement XI (Giovanni Francesco Albani): Nov. 23, 30 (Dec. 8), 1700, to Mar. 19, 1721.
Innocent XIII (Michelangelo dei Conti): Rome; May 8 (18), 1721, to Mar. 7, 1724.
Benedict XIII (Pietro Francesco - Vincenzo Maria - Orsini): Gravina (Bari); May 29 (June 4), 1724,
to Feb. 21, 1730.
Clement XII (Lorenzo Cursini): Florence; July 12 (16), 1730, to Feb. 6, 1740.
Benedict XIV (Prospero Lambertini): Bologna; Aug. 17 (22), 1740, to May 3, 1758.
Clement XIII (Carlo Rezzonico): Venice; July 6 (16), 1758, to Feb. 2, 1769.
Clement XIV (Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio - Lorenzo - Ganganelli): Rimini; May 19, 28 (June 4), 1769,
to Sept. 22, 1774.
Pius VI (Giovanni Angelo Braschi): Cesena; Feb. 15 (22), 1775, to Aug. 29, 1799.
Pius VII (Barnaba — Gregorio — Chiararnonti): Cesena; Mar. 14 (21), 1800, to Aug. 20, 1823.
Leo XII (Annibale della Genga): Genga (Fabriano); Sept. 28 (Oct. 5), 1823, to Feb. 10, 1829.
Pius VIII (Francesco Saverio Castiglioni): Cingoli; Mar. 31 (Apr. 5), 1829, to Nov.30, 1830.
Gregory XVI (Bartolomeo Alberto - Mauro - Cappellari): Belluno; Feb. 2 (6), 1831. to June 1, 1846.
Pius IX (Giovanni M. Mastai-Ferretti): Senigallia; June 16(21), 1846, to Feb. 7, 1878.
Leo XIII (Gioacchino Pecci): Carpineto (Anagni); Feb. 20 (Mar. 3), 1878, to July 20, 1903.
St. Pius X (Giuseppe Sarto): Riese (Treviso); Aug. 4 (9), 1903, to Aug. 20, 1914.
Canonized May 29, 1954.
Benedict XV (Giacomo della Chiesa): Genoa; Sept. 3 (6), 1914, to Jan.22, 1922.
Pius XI (Achille Ratti): Desio (Milan); Feb. 6 (12), 1922, to Feb. 10, 1939.
Pius XII (Eugenio Pacelli): Rome; Mar. 2 (12), 1939, to Oct. 9, 1958.
John XXIII (Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli): Sotto il Monte (Bergamo); Oct. 28 (Nov. 4), 1958,
to June 3, 1963.
Paul VI (Giovanni Battista Montini): Concessio (Brescia); June 21 (30), 1963, to Aug. 6, 1978.
John Paul I (Albino Luciani): Forno di Canale (Belluno); Aug. 26 (Sept 3), 1978, to Sept 28, 1978.
John Paul II (Karol Wojtyla): Wadowice, Poland Oct 16 (22), 1978.
ANTIPOPES
This list of men who claimed or exercised the papal office in an uncanonical manner includes names, birthplaces and dates of alleged reigns. Source: “Annuario Pontificio.”
St. Hippolytus: Rome; 217-235; was reconciled before his death.
Novatian: Rome; 251.
Felix II: Rome; 355 to Nov. 22, 365.
Ursinus: 366-367.
Eulalius: Dec. 27 or 29,418, to419.
Lawrence: 498; 501-505.
Dioscorus: Alexandria; Sept 22, 530, to Oct. 14, 530.
Theodore: ended alleged reign, 687.
Paschal: ended alleged reign, 687.
Constantine: Nepi; June28 (July 5), 767, to 769.
Philip: July 31, 768; retired to his monastery on the same day.
John: ended alleged reign, Jan., 844.
Anastasius: Aug., 855, to Sept., 855; d. 880.
Christopher: Rome; July or Sept., 903, to Jan., 904.
Boniface VII: Rome; June, 974, to July, 974; Aug., 984, to July, 985.
John XVI: Rossano; Apr., 997, to Feb., 998.
Gregory: ended alleged reign, 1012.
Benedict X: Rome; Apr. 5, 1058, to Jan. 24, 1059.
Honorius II: Verona; Oct. 28, 1061, to 1072.
Clement III: Parma; June 25, 1080 (Mar. 24, 1084), to Sept 8, 1100.
Theodoric: ended alleged reign, 1100; d. 1102.
Albert: ended alleged reign, 1102.
Sylvester IV: Rome; Nov. 18, 1105, to 1111.
Gregory VIII: France; Mar. 8, 1118, to 1121.
Celestine II: Rome; ended alleged reign, Dec., 1124.
Anacletus II: Rome; Feb. 14 (23), 1130, to Jan. 25, 1138.
Victor IV: Mar., 1138, to May 29, 1138; submitted to Pope Innocent II.
Victor IV: Montecelio; Sept. 7 (Oct. 4), 1159, to Apr. 20, 1164;
he did not recognize his predecessor (Victor IV, above).
Paschal III: Apr. 22 (26), 1164, to Sept 20, 1168.
Callistus III: Arezzo; Sept, 1168, to Aug. 29, 1178; submitted to Pope Alexander III.
Innocent III: Sezze; Sept. 29, 1179, to 1180.
Nicholas V: Corvaro (Rieti); May 12 (22), 1328, to Aug. 25, 1330; d. Oct. 16, 1333.
Four antipopes of the Western Schism:
Clement VII: Sept. 20 (Oct 31), 1378, to Sept. 16, 1394.
Benedict XIII: Aragon; Sept. 28 (Oct 11), 1394, to May 23, 1423.
Alexander V: Crete; June 26 (July 7), 1409, to May 3, 1410.
John XXIII: Naples; May 17 (25), 1410, to May 29, 1415. (Date of deposition by Council of Constance
which ended the Western Schism; d. Nov. 22, 1419.)
Felix V: Savoy; Nov. 5, 1439 (July 24, 1440), to April 7, 1449; d. 1451.
AVIGNON PAPACY
Avignon was the residence (1309-77) of a series of French popes (Clement V, John XXII, Benedict XII, Clement VI, Innocent VI, Urban V and Gregory XI). Prominent in the period were power struggles over the mixed interests of Church and state with the rulers of France (Philip IV, John II), Bavaria (Lewis IV), England (Edward III); factionalism of French and Italian churchmen; political as well as ecclesiastical turmoil in Italy, a factor of significance in prolonging the stay of popes in Avignon. Despite some positive achievements, the Avignon papacy was a prologue to the Western Schism which began in 1378.
WESTERN SCHISM
The Western Schism was a confused state of affairs which divided Christendom into two and then three papal obediences from 1378 to 1417.
It occurred some 50 years after Marsilius theorized that a general (not ecumenical) council of bishops and other persons was superior to a pope and nearly 30 years before the Council of Florence stated definitively that no kind of council had such authority.
It was a period of disaster preceding the even more disastrous period of the Reformation.
Urban VI, following the return of the papal residence to Rome after approximately 70 years at Avignon, was elected pope Apr. 8, 1378, and reigned until his death in 1389. He was succeeded by Boniface IX (1389-1404), Innocent VII (1404-1406) and Gregory XII (1406-1415). These four are considered the legitimate popes of the period.
Some of the cardinals who chose Urban pope, dissatisfied with his conduct of the office, declared that his election was invalid. They proceeded to elect Clement VII, who claimed the papacy from 1378 to 1394. He was succeeded by Benedict XIII.
Prelates seeking to end the state of divided papal loyalties convoked the Council of Pisa (1409) which, without authority, found Gregory XII and Benedict XIII, in absentia, guilty on 30-odd charges of schism and heresy, deposed them, and elected a third claimant to the papacy, Alexander V (1409-1410). He was succeeded by John XXIII (1410-1415).
The schism was ended by the Council of Constance (1414-1418). This council, although originally called into session in an irregular manner, acquired authority after being convoked by Gregory XII in 1415. In its early irregular phase, it deposed John XXIII whose election to the papacy was uncanonical anyway. After being formally convoked, it accepted the abdication of Gregory in 1415 and dismissed the claims of Benedict XIII two years later, thus clearing the way for the election of Martin V on Nov. 11, 1417. The Council of Constance also rejected the theories of John Wycliff and condemned John Hus as a heretic.
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